Preoccupation with energy security and global climate change in industrialized countries have together placed biofuels firmly on the map of global land-use change. Biofuels are viewed by many as having the potential to satisfy a portion of the world’s energy demand in a sustainable way while reducing its climate impact. While this may be true under certain circumstances, a number of recent findings bring this assumption into question while simultaneously raising concerns about the social and economic costs of such a fuel transition. This panel will present findings from research carried out by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), Joanneum Research, the Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico (UNAM), the Council on Strategic and Industrial Research (CSIR), Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) and Profundo Economic Research.