REDD+ projects as a hybrid of old and new forest conservation approaches

Most REDD+ subnational projects intend to combine the integrated conservation and development project (ICDP) approach with payments for ecosystem services (PES).Under conditions of policy and market uncertainty, this hybrid structure enables proponents to make early progress on project establishment, and the ICDP approach can serve as a fallback option if PES fails to materialise. Yet this hybrid structure is a challenge because ICDP has often underperformed, and because proponents tend to play up ICDP and play down PES in consultations with local stakeholders, with potential negative consequences for effectiveness and equity.

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