cifor.org Table of contents

Introduction 1 Rationale 2 Goals and objectives 4 Impact pathways 8 Activities 10 A. Collection of sex-disaggregated data and gender analysis 10 B. Partnerships and alliances to enhance gender inclusiveness 11 C. Knowledge sharing for gender-responsive policy and practice 12 D. Adaptive learning for gender-responsive research and analysis 13 Capacity for gender research and analysis 14 Monitoring and evaluation 16 Implementing the monitoring and evaluation plan 17 References 21 Annex I: Gender-specific research questions across the five components 23 List of figures, tables and boxes Figures 1 Gender box: A framework for the analysis and synthesis of gender in forest, tree and agroforestry systems 5 2 Gender impact pathway 9 3 Approaches for achieving gender inclusion (red boxes) at each phase of the research cycle (blue boxes) 10 Tables 1 Consideration of gender differentials and equality across the research components 6 2 Capacity for gender research and analysis in the CRP6 14 3 Summary of monitoring and evaluation plan 19 4 CRP6 gender budget 20


Table of contents Introduction
Social attributes such as gender, wealth, age, ethnicity, migration status and religion can confer systematic disadvantages by making it difficult for some groups and individuals to access public and private mechanisms of resource allocation or decision making. In this strategy, we set out possibilities for strengthening how we address gender concerns in the CGIAR Research Program on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry (CRP6). The strategy focuses on the management support processes and structures needed to improve the quality and volume of gender-responsive research in the CRP6, and is closely aligned with the CGIAR Consortium's gender strategy. It synthesises gender-relevant research questions, outcomes and associated impact pathways that have been identified across CRP6's five research components. It recognises, however, that gender-based disadvantages may not always be the most urgent in all settings and that substantial differentiation can exist among men and women and not only between them. Thus, while this strategy is clearly marked out as a gender strategy, our agenda is broader. We envision that a careful use of participatory methodologies, including in problem framing, provides good scope for locating the most salient features of disadvantage in each research setting and for ensuring their inclusion in the research and action process. Overall, this strategy views gender integration in research as a fundamental part of doing good science and approaches gender integration as a cross-cutting theme, which integrates gender analysis and research into each of the five components/research programmes of the CRP6.

Rationale
Despite a wealth of studies demonstrating the critically important roles women play in managing forests, agroforestry and tree genetic resources, women's contributions remain underappreciated. Women are traditionally the main collectors of fuelwood, medicinal and aromatic plants and other non-timber forest products (NTFPs) from forest and agroforestry landscapes (Shanley andGaia 2001, Colfer 2005). Their participation in decision making at household and community levels, although limited, has been demonstrated to improve forest regeneration (Agarwal 2007(Agarwal , 2009, increase crop yields, improve financial management (Acharya and Gentle 2006) and prioritise funding for pro-poor and empowerment programmes (Komarudin et al. 2008). Women in forest communities can generate more than 50% of their income from forests, compared with about one-third for men (World Bank et al. 2009). Non-timber forest products (NTFPS) are particularly important for women. In Cameroon, for example, close to 90% of NTFP traders in up to 25 markets were women, while in other cases women have been found to earn up to 30% of their incomes from NTFPs (Ruiz Perez et al. 2002, Lemenih 2003. In Asia, the sale of NTFPs such as wild fruits and vegetables often provides the only source of cash available to landless women (Carr and Hartl 2008). Similar results are evident in agroforestry, where women derive substantial cash benefits from indigenous fruits and vegetables (Kiptot and Franzel 2012). Women's control over income correlates positively with improved food intake and child nutrition status (Kennedy and Peters 1992, Engle 1993, Hoddinott and Haddad 1995, Smith et al. 2003. Recent global surveys of the Poverty and Environment Network show that women are the primary collectors of wild foods, especially in Africa and Asia (Sunderland et al. under review). Wild foods supply micronutrients, which are often deficient in local diets (Howard and Nabanoga 2007). They also fill gaps during times of food shortage.
Although the policy environment for addressing gender inequity has improved over the past decade, women continue to be disadvantaged by insecure access and property rights to forest, trees and land resources (Quisumbing et al. 2001, Meinzen-Dick et al. 2010, by discrimination and male bias in the provision of services including credit and technology (Place 1995) and by exclusion from decision making at household, community and national levels. Global comparative analyses confirm the general low levels of women's participation, which have been demonstrated by numerous case studies across different settings over the past two decades. Women participate much less than men in forest user groups, where decision rules regarding forest use, management and benefit distribution are made (Sunderland et al. under review, Coleman and Mwangi 2013). In addition, forest user groups with high proportions of women, as against gender-balanced groups, or groups with higher proportions of men, perform less well on key governance indicators (Mwangi et al. 2001. Carefully crafted longitudinal studies show that there is a threshold percentage below which women's effectiveness in leadership of forest user group committees declines, and that there are significant gains to forest sustainability with women's participation in forest governance (Agarwal 2007(Agarwal , 2009). In agroforestry and tree management, the results are mixed (Kiptot and Franzel 2012). Overall, however, women disproportionately bear the costs of tree and forest management, realise only a fraction of the benefits and tend to be enlisted for decision making only when forest and tree resources are degraded (Agrawal and Chhatre 2006). Moreover, women's lack of formal education, employment and personal networks makes them poorly placed to influence resource allocation or research (Crewe andHarrison 1998, Ferrier 2002).
Changes in tree cover and loss of community access to forests and trees can thus have a disproportionately adverse impact on women, with indirect impacts on households, and, consequently, on the livelihoods of up to 5-10 times as many people. Gender equity in the forestry and agroforestry sector can contribute to the achievement of broader social and economic goals, including the Millennium Development Goals.
Clearly, research suggests that effective gender inclusion can not only enhance the prospects for sustainable forest and tree management, but can also provide a solid foundation for more equitable benefit distribution, and household food security and nutrition. It enhances the credibility of policy and practice and allows for better targeting of interventions. However, significant knowledge gaps also exist (Mai et al. 2011, Kiptot andFranzel 2012). These include: 1. understanding the effectiveness of the recent wave of tenure reforms aimed at strengthening women's rights to forest and tree resources; 2. identifying gender-differentiated implications of global processes such as climate mitigation and adaptation, and large-scale land acquisitions, on resource access, livelihoods, opportunities and on gender relations; 3. designing and implementing strategies for the gender-equitable distribution of forest and tree benefits, including distribution of incomes between men and women; 4. designing organisational incentives and strategies for enhancing gender-responsive policy implementation; 5. identifying cultural taboos influencing the use and management of forests and trees, including tree planting and the adoption of innovative technologies; and 6. increasing women's participation influence along the value chains of forest and tree products, and their control of incomes and related benefits.
As elaborated in the following sections and in Annex I, gender research in the CRP6 will seek to address many of these knowledge gaps. In particular, the integration of gender in research is aimed at achieving one overriding outcome across the global settings and contexts where CRP6 and its partners are operational. This outcome is: Women are better empowered, and gender equality in decision making and control over forest, tree and agroforestry resources use, management and benefits is improved.
The achievement of this outcome will be tracked using the following measurable indicators, which will be further refined and tested in the lifespan of the strategy: 1. gender equality in decision making and control over forest, trees and agroforestry resources and relevant value chains results in increased incomes and benefits for women; 2. the number of women newly empowered to plant and manage forests, agroforests and tree (FAT) resources in programme countries; 3. incomes from forest, trees and agroforestry goods and services controlled by women and men have increased such that gender inequality in income from these goods and services has decreased by at least 30%; 4. at least 20-30% of women and their families have improved health conditions or have a reduced incidence of common illness due to nutritional deficiency in CRP6 programme countries; 5. 20-30% of members elected/appointed to forest management committees are women; and 6. 10-15% of women in programme areas have control (i.e., stronger rights) over FAT resources at household and community levels.
CRP6 (see Box 1 below for a description of research programmes) is designed to make a significant contribution toward the vision and strategic objectives articulated in the CGIAR's Strategic Results Framework by: • enhancing the contribution of forests, agroforestry and trees to production and incomes of forest-dependent communities and smallholders; • conserving biodiversity, including the genetic diversity of trees, through sustainable management and conservation of forests and trees; • maintaining or enhancing environmental services from forests, agroforestry and trees in multifunctional and dynamic landscapes; • reducing emissions of greenhouse gases and augmenting carbon stocks through better management of forest-and tree-based sources while increasing local and societal resilience through forest-, agroforestry-and tree-based adaptation measures; and • promoting the positive impacts and reducing the negative impacts of global trade and investment as drivers of landscape change affecting forest lands, agroforestry areas, trees and the well-being of local people.
The CRP6 approaches gender integration as a crosscutting theme, which integrates gender analysis and research into each of the five components/research programmes. Gender analysis and research in the CRP6 seek to: 1. generate an understanding of key institutional, cultural and attitudinal contexts that entrench inequity across a relevant set of issue areas in the CRP6 research components, for example, adoption of technologies and practices, or participation and influence in decision making or knowledge and priorities; 2. identify policies, technologies and practices that will enhance gender equity in the access, use and management of forests and trees, and the distribution of associated benefits; and 3. offer guidance on how to avoid or mitigate negative impacts associated with relevant processes at multiple levels.
These three research goals will be achieved through four clusters of interrelated outcome categories that cut across the five CRP6 components (see Table 1 and Figure 1). These outcome categories are: 1. the knowledge, preferences and priorities of women (and men) are reflected across the relevant decision chains, including in the identification of research priorities; 2. the differential effects of policy processes, global or otherwise, including marketisation of forests and tree resources, on men and women are identified and mitigated; 3. the differential capacities to adopt materials, methods and knowledge are accounted for during interventions; and 4. the equitable participation in and influence over decision-making processes is enhanced.   Table 1 illustrates the gender-related outcomes that cut across the five CRP6 components.
These outcomes target both practical and strategic gender needs and interests, and will form the basis for the CRP6-wide synthesis of gender-specific research results, lessons learned, and good practice. Frameworks to support hypothesis testing and synthesis across these categories will be developed in close consultation with the CGIAR CRP-wide gender network.
Gender-relevant research questions in the CRP6 are elaborated in Annex I. However, the following are some aspects of on-going gender-relevant research in the CRP6 research portfolio that capture recent trends.
Component 1: How can women's participation and bargaining power in NTFP (and other products) value chains be improved in order to reduce inequity in household benefits? What kinds of platforms can supply timely market information and feedback, especially to women?
Component 2: What are the preconditions for gender-equitable participation and benefits in forest rehabilitation and reforestation schemes? How can gender-specific knowledge be integrated into silvicultural practice?
Component 3: What are the gender-specific impacts of the implementation of payments for environmental services (PES) schemes? What approaches, including timing, sequencing and overall design of PES negotiation processes are necessary for ensuring gender-equitable and effective participation?
Component 4: What are the differential impacts of climate change and related initiatives in adaptation and mitigation on women's and men's tenure rights and livelihoods? How can climate negotiation and planning processes be structured, sequenced and timed to allow for the effective representation and/or participation of women and disadvantaged groups?
Component 5: How are benefits of (formal and informal) access and use of forest resources linked to global trade differentially distributed between men While the four cross-cutting outcome categories mentioned earlier (knowledge and priorities, effects of policy processes, differential adoption, and participation and influence) are illustrative of some of the gender-relevant topics of concern for the CRP6, we have developed an analytical framework that will not only guide scientists and partners in their research work, but will also provide a sound basis for synthesising CRP6's 'gender story'. This gender framework summarises the range of gender-relevant variables in the social, political, economic and cultural domains (including scale and time horizon), as well as their interactions, and offers guidance for more systematic inquiry and action (Colfer, 2013: http://www.cifor.org/publications/pdf_files/ OccPapers/OP-82.pdf ). The 'gender box' illustrates our gender framework ( Figure 1).

Impact pathways
Social and political change can occur through multiple avenues, such as through improved knowledge and technology, collective organisation and mobilisation or contestation. Research and action in the CRP6 will make use of these various avenues for strengthening access of women and other disadvantaged groups to benefits and decision making in forest, tree and agroforestry research. The impact pathway in Figure 1 illustrates how the outputs and outcomes under each theme contribute to each other in achieving the outcomes. The achievement of this impact pathway is conditioned on a careful mix of research, advocacy, training and capacity building as well as on innovations in policy and practice. A series of partnerships and carefully crafted iterative processes are envisaged. For example, problem identification and research priorities will be established jointly with national-level partners, such as government ministries, university departments (e.g., Departments of Women and Gender Studies), and NGOs active in the forestry sectors at national and subnational levels. Representatives from each of these organisations will advise the research and action process, will review findings, identify entry points for policy and practice, and define possibilities and responsibilities for implementation. We anticipate that bringing in implementing actors at such an early stage will foster joint ownership, coproduction and joint responsibility for outcomes and learning.
Activities for transitioning from outputs to outcomes will include: • collaboration with government ministries, NGOs and women's organisations; • gender-differentiated cost-benefit analyses of impacts; • awareness raising and capacity building for women and men; and • the use of pilot projects to demonstrate the value addition of increased attention to gender.
Transforming outcomes to impacts will further include awareness campaigns; strategic communication of success stories; advocacy for equitable resource allocation and for the acquisition and securitisation of land or forest rights; and strengthening of women's forums. While CRP6 research teams will undertake global dissemination and outreach, all national-level partners will undertake the same among their networks and constituents at national level through workshops and advocacy campaigns.
To increase the likelihood of learning at each phase of the research cycle, the effectiveness of the interlinked processes leading to impacts will be monitored and evaluated (see the 'Monitoring and evaluation' section below for further details). However, the seeming linearity of the impact pathway may fail to reflect that single outcomes can have multiple impacts; that partnerships developed across multiple channels and governance levels can amplify impacts; or even that learning and feedback can prompt a rethinking of methodologies and problem analysis. The linear representation is illustrative ( Figure 2).

Figure 2. Gender impact pathway
Outcome Changes

Activities
We deploy gender analysis methods, partnerships and alliances, knowledge sharing, and adaptive learning to effectively incorporate gender in the research cycle in CRP6. These approaches will be applied in combination at each phase of the research cycle for highest impact (Figure 3).

A. Collection of sexdisaggregated data and gender analysis
The regular and consistent gathering of sexdisaggregated data on various aspects of the forest, tree and people interface is mandated and nonnegotiable. Such data will help in identifying men's and women's differentiated perceptions, experiences, contributions and priorities; for example, during the targeting and priority setting phase of the research cycle. It will ultimately help in defining interventions that will enhance gender equity both at the levels of research design and when facilitating the adoption of outputs.
Researchers will consistently employ gender analysis as a tool to provide in depth information on gender differentiation, and, in particular, to identify institutional, cultural and attitudinal factors underpinning differentiation. Gender analysis will identify options and priorities for transforming inequality, and will identify the roles and responsibilities of relevant stakeholders in realising these options and priorities. Although gender differentiation is inherently a localised experience, the analysis of conditioning factors will highlight features of institutions (including markets, policies and legal regimes) at multiple governance levels that influence local-level outcomes (research design).  Participatory approaches are well suited for enhancing inclusiveness, especially of disadvantaged groups, to allow better representation of multiple views, which improves people's capacity to act on their own behalf and to promote learning. We will pursue multiple methodologies to generate insights into the gender-relevant policy problems and core research questions identified in each component of CRP6. Quantitative household surveys will be used to establish household-level effects and responses. Intra-household surveys will be encouraged in line with recent advances in gender research that demonstrate that preferences, resources and overall access can differ between men and women within households. Experimental games may be used to facilitate the isolation and analysis of specific variables of interest. However, we will place a premium on the application of participatory techniques that hold great promise for inclusion, learning and empowerment. (Note that participants at the Javana CRP6 gender methods workshop endorsed participatory techniques but pointed out several downsides that needed to be taken into account from the outset such as the possibility that participation may mask power relationships or even burden men and women further.) Adaptive Collaborative Management, which combines a series of participatory techniques for problem identification and resolution such as participatory action research, focused group discussions, transect walks, participatory mapping and outcome mapping, will form a methodological pillar for gender analysis in CRP6. We will add an historical dimension to our analysis in order to illustrate the dynamic nature of how women may gain or lose authority in the use and management of and control over forest and trees and their products and services. For an historical analysis of gendered access to markets, see Wardell and Fold (in press).
Because the nature and magnitude of gendered outcomes may vary depending on cultural and social norms, research will be conducted in different settings. Each CRP6 component has not only identified specific gender-related research questions (see Annex I for a detailed listing of gender research questions per component), but has also identified geographic priorities, spanning Africa, Asia and Latin America, where culture and social norms may differ. Moreover, sentinel landscapes, which will be established in diverse settings, provide an opportunity for monitoring change and assessing impacts of specific policy interventions and/or practices. Data collection methodologies will be both qualitative and quantitative and data analysis will range accordingly from statistical techniques (including regressions) to interpretation of norms, conventions and practices to identify the underlying mechanisms that lead to visible actions and outcomes.
Component and project leaders will encourage multidisciplinary research teams-comprising both male and female researchers-to work with both men and women. Training programs and workshops will enable CGIAR centre researchers and their partners to shift from collecting sex-disaggregated data to comprehending the dynamics of gender relations. Training sessions and workshops will be conducted at least once per year and will be targeted at building analytical skills, increasing exposure to the range of data gathering methods and types of research questions, building targeted partnerships for impact, and sharing good practice (note that a Gender methods manual/toolkit has been developed for researchers and partners, which is accompanied by an Occasional Paper on methods for more advanced users (Manfre and Rubin, 2012: http://www.cifor. org/publications/pdf_files/Books/BCIFOR1203.pdf; Colfer and Minarchek, 2012: http://www.cifor.org/ publications/pdf_files/OccPapers/OP-80.pdf )). These are available in English, French, Spanish and Bahasa Indonesia. Emphasis will be placed on disaggregating the generalised categories of 'men' and 'women', in order to capture other salient attributes such as wealth, ethnicity, age, religion, and marital status, which may also drive differentiation, depending on the social and political setting (research design and implementation).

B. Partnerships and alliances to enhance gender inclusiveness
Since gender inequality is rooted in societal relationships, broad changes are necessary for closing or narrowing the gender gap. Research teams will build alliances with both policy and advocacy communities, within and across sectors and across governance levels, to ensure the adoption of research outputs and improve impacts. Strengthening links to advocacy networks and platforms (including media and women-focused civil organisations) is critical for raising awareness of gender-related issues and for mobilising action toward gender inclusion (facilitation of adoption of outputs). Moreover, these links will increase the likelihood that problem identification and prioritisation are gender-sensitised (targeting and priority setting).
On the research front, we will seek to partner with the International Center for Research on Women (ICRW). Researchers will also explore opportunities for learning among peers in the CGIAR network and with other CRPs such as CRP2 where gendered rights and access to natural resources, gendered resource management and gendered access to markets are prominent themes (research design, monitoring and evaluation).
At national and supranational levels, current partnerships will be strengthened and new ones sought with women's farming or forest organisations, forest users' federations, women-focused civil society organisations and local media. Partnerships with the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, International Fund for Agricultural Development and the International Land Coalition will provide further opportunities for creating and strengthening contacts with local organisations. The governments of many developing countries have established gender or women's ministries and departments; we will seek to partner with them in addition to gender sections in forestry and agriculture ministries. Similarly, national universities are increasingly establishing departments of gender and/or women's studies. Specific attention will be paid to creating opportunities and encouraging partnerships between the various partners of the CRP6 and gender-specific organisations. Such networks will strengthen the women's organisations (especially at national and local levels), allow identification of complementarities and enhance the uptake and adoption of research outputs (research design and implementation, facilitation of adoption of outputs).
At the international level, cooperation will be strengthened with FAO's Gender Program, IFAD, ILC, Women Organizing for Change in Agriculture and NRM (WOCAN) and The World Conservation Union (IUCN). These organisations have strong links with regional and national networks that provide advocacy for gender equity in resource use planning, policy formulation, access to resources and information and benefit sharing. We will also seek to build partnerships with the newly mandated UN WOMEN (facilitation of adoption of outputs).

C. Knowledge sharing for gender-responsive policy and practice
The third step (closely related to the second) will include systematic documentation and dissemination of knowledge generated through gender-responsive research. Such documentation will include good practice guides, training guides, policy briefings and scientific articles spanning different aspects of gender in forest, tree and agroforestry use and management. Documentation will articulate the interconnections between new behaviours and success and will provide insights into how changes promoting gender equity can be embedded into ongoing structures and practices.
Research teams will regularly share findings among CRP6 researchers, communities, practitioners and policy makers to become and remain informed about the importance of supporting gender equitable practices to enhance both the productivity and sustainability of forest resources. Such dissemination will continuously clarify the value addition of gender and reinforce attention to gender perspectives (facilitation of adoption of outputs). In addition to this strategy document and research results, products completed in 2012 included works on methods and a conceptual framework. In 2013, additional products will document key research findings across world regions, synthesising what is known about genderbased constraints related to forest management and group governance, and "good practices" to overcome or reduce them. The CRP6 Gender focal points will work with the different Centers' communication teams to prepare an annual calendar of events at which time gender research-related materials would be appropriately disseminated. For example, preparing an overview of research results for publication coinciding with International Women's Day annually on 8 March or preparing a blog about gender and forestry issues in preparation for World Forest or Agriculture Day. Concerted efforts will be made to identify important outlets that can further disseminate the results of CIFOR gender-related research to other gender specialists. Other social media will also be utilised, e.g, Twitter, Twitter chats, Facebook and blog posts.

D. Adaptive learning for genderresponsive research and analysis
Researchers will develop and track indicators to capture inclusion, to improve gender equity, to evaluate the effectiveness of programmes, projects and interventions, and to improve data collection and analysis systems. These indicators will span the breadth of forestry and agroforestry concerns; including, representation in planning and decisionmaking processes, property rights, access to technologies and services, income distribution, market access and innovation systems. We will select and apply appropriate quantitative and qualitative indicators to assess and communicate the true magnitude of impacts. Such assessments will allow for a critical analysis of activities and outputs and for the incorporation of new knowledge into existing and anticipated phases of research (targeting and priority setting to monitoring and evaluation). See the section 'Monitoring and evaluation' for further details.

Capacity for gender research and analysis
participating centres as well as 10% of the CRP6 director's time. Over the next 3 years, the gender theme will recruit four postdoctoral fellows at 100% of their time.
Capacity for gender analysis and research in the CRP6 is uneven within and across participating centres (see Table 2). At CIFOR, only approximately 17 scientists (16 at The World Agroforestry Centre, ICRAF) have the capability to conduct gender-responsive research. These individuals are currently implementing various aspects of genderresponsive research and action, from the collection of gender-disaggregated data to gender analysis and reporting. Several have published gender-focused papers in the past 2 to 4 years. At CIFOR, most of this capability is concentrated in two research components: Component 1 (Smallholder producers) and Component 4 (Climate change adaptation and mitigation), drawing scientists from the Forests and Governance and Forests and Livelihoods Programs.
Overall capacity for gender analysis and research is concentrated. In CIFOR, for example, out of a total of 79 science staff, only 26 are social scientists The CRP6 approaches gender integration as a crosscutting theme, which seeks to integrate gender analysis and research questions into each of the five components, rather than have a specific, isolated component that is focused only on gender. A crosscutting thematic approach demands a high level of involvement and a higher capacity for gender analysis, research and reporting among scientists. Consequently, the CRP6 gender theme will initially focus on building capacity for gender analysis and research, to boost the capabilities of components and will be the main avenue through which scientific, conceptual and methodological leadership and coordination is provided towards integrating gender concerns in research. Because leadership will eventually transition to the component leaders (from the gender focal points) as knowledge and skills for gender integration are more broadly acquired and practised by scientists, our capacity-building initiatives will also target those science managers and leaders who are mandated with team building and overall science direction.
Currently, the CRP6 gender theme covers up to 20% of the contribution of three senior scientists, in three (excluding associates and consultants). Of the 26 social scientists, 11 have some capacity for gender integration and only 10 can be termed as having a high level of capacity with both the capability of collecting sex-disaggregated data, performing gender analysis and reporting on it. For CIFOR, because this capacity is concentrated in two research components (i.e., climate change and smallholder producers), and not across all five research components, there is currently a capacity gap. This holds true for all centres participating in the CRP6. At the initiation of the CRP in 2011, Bioversity International's Forest Genetic Resources (FGR) Programme did not have social scientists with gender research expertise. A scoping study was commissioned in 2012 to assess opportunities and approaches for integration of gender analysis and gender research in the research programme. Following the recommendations of the scoping study, Bioversity will recruit a gender specialist in 2013 to work full time with the FGR Programme and the CRP. In addition, Bioversity will announce three to four gender research fellowships in 2012 and 2013 to support integration of gender considerations in ongoing and new research of the FGR Programme. Over the short and medium term, capacity will be increased and strengthened in various ways: i) recruitment (up to four gender specialists at the PhD level will be hired in the first 2 years of the CRP6); ii) training of current scientists; and iii) targeted deployment of gender-specialist consultants. We anticipate that these efforts will pay off over the longer term leading to at least a doubling of current capacity. In addition, and in consultation with human resources and centre management committees, we envisage that recruitment processes for social science positions will incorporate and assess for gender integration capabilities.
Thus we place a premium on building capacity among researchers and their partners in various ways.
Since the start of the CRP6, three training workshops in gender concepts and analysis have been delivered for a total of 125 researchers, managers and partners. At least 1 training session per year will be conducted for the next 3 years, and will be varied to target different thematic interests and levels of knowledge. Annual self-assessment and reviews among scientists will be encouraged; however, we plan to conduct training needs assessments every third year to capture emerging issues and to assess advancement toward gender literacy.
Materials to support scientists in analysis and reporting on their gender research are an important part of our capacity-building programme. Annotated bibliographies, illustrated methods guides and manuals, and tools, translated into different languages, will be available both in print and electronically on the CRP6 website within the first year and will be updated annually. In addition, syntheses and reviews of key thematic issues such as participation, knowledge, bridging research and policy, women's leadership, gender dynamics along the forest transition curve, etc. will be produced in the first 1-2 years of the programme in order to provide scientists and research partners with state-ofthe-art thinking and information on these key issues.
Capacity building activities will be coordinated with the CGIAR gender network to add value and to leverage resources and capability across CRPs.
Each participating centre faces unique opportunities and constraints. We thus adopt a flexible approach to the implementation of the gender strategy in response to these specificities. For example, while all centres prioritise training and mentorship, and the joint design of training tools and instruments, each centre will deliver the training programme based on the level of scientists' knowledge and skills. Moreover, centres will follow their own approaches for building and sustaining partnerships to support gender research and action. This also allows for experimentation with knowledge to action linkages, the identification of good practice, the sharing of it and eventual adoption CRP6-wide.
Linkages with the AWARD programme will be created to access women's leadership courses to increase women's leadership in the workplace, as well as with other CRP gender programmes in addressing key gender questions that cut across CRPs. The gender capacity building programme will include such elements as individual centre-and CRP6-level workshops, seminars, conferences, training sessions for women's leadership, methods and indicators development, and exchange visits. The programme will also include mentoring of young gender scientists and investments in postdoctoral fellowships to attract bright young men and women into gender research. A succession plan for gender research must also be included to ensure that trained gender scientists are recognised and rewarded so as to sustain institutional capacity of gender-responsive research.

Monitoring and evaluation
We place emphasis on the proposal stage because gender is most effectively incorporated at the research design stage with the identification of research questions and the subsequent identification of methods, activities, personnel and budgets. • the extent to which research outputs produced by components: − are based on sex-disaggregated data sets and the extent to which the definition of target populations accounts for gender disparities − employ gender analysis − are co-produced with gender-specialised partners − are disseminated to reach relevant networks and actors, including feedback to communities explaining findings and how information can be used including possible follow-up actions − influence policy, practitioners, or resource users' knowledge and/or actions 3. Impact analysis. This will focus on project sites and sentinel landscapes to establish the extent to which gender-responsive research has achieved the CGIAR system's strategic results of poverty reduction, enhancing food security, improving health and nutrition, and environmental sustainability. For example, participants at the Javana gender methods workshop indicated that: i) the strategy should allow for the tracking of unexpected/unintended outcomes; and ii) impact analysis should be explicit about the stories behind any change, noting in particular that although some changes may occur, they may not be easily measurable. We will focus on tracking the following impacts: • Gender equality in decision making about and control over forests, agroforestry and tree resources and relevant value chains results in increased incomes and benefits for women. • Women's increased control over forests, agroforestry and tree resources enhances family nutrition and health. • More secure tenure and rights for men and women increase access to diversified and improved food and tree species/varieties. CRP6 has developed a Monitoring Evaluation and Impact Assessment (MEIA) strategy that frames our approach to MEIA. We have produced seven draft Intermediate Development Outcomes (IDOs), to be finalised in 2013, allowing us to monitor and assess our progress in achieving the System Level Outcomes. Although six of these IDOs are relevant to gender, we have crafted one specific IDO that captures the end-goal of our investments in gender integration in research and action: 'Women are better empowered and gender equality in decision making and control over resource use, management and benefits is improved'.
We will monitor gender integration at three levels: 1. Gender integration processes. This will focus on identifying the effectiveness of the process elements of delivery, for example, whether training and capacity-building initiatives are relevant; whether the mechanisms of delivery are responsive to differences in knowledge, skills and thematic interests; component needs and outputs; whether gender-relevant knowledge and skills are being built; and whether a congenial atmosphere for gender research support has been established. This will draw heavily from scientists and partners' self-evaluations and feedback. 2. Outputs. This will determine whether our strategy and approach to gender integration in research and action is effective in changing scientists' behaviour. We will track and measure the following aspects: • the extent to which gender is incorporated into new proposals, bearing in mind that not all subject matter is amenable to gender analysis. Gender guides for proposal development and assessment will be developed that provide concrete examples of how the following elements of our strategy will be taken into account in methods, activities and budgets: − collection of gender-disaggregated data − application of gender analysis − inclusion of gender-relevant delivery partners − gender-responsive knowledge sharing • Gender equality in participation and influence over resource use decisions and benefits increases investments in sustainable resource management and reduces degradation.
This three-tier monitoring and evaluation plan reflects the procedural and substantive elements of our impact pathway. It articulates a framework for monitoring and evaluating progress towards gender integration/implementation of this gender strategy and more broadly accomplishing the genderspecific aims of the CRP6. As discussed below, it will include internal, continued self-assessments which will contrast planned activities with results. It also includes independent, periodic, and strategic assessments.

Implementing the monitoring and evaluation plan
This plan will be implemented through existing organisational structures and processes.
Each capacity-building programme will be required to administer a standard evaluation form that will be jointly designed by gender focal points at participating centres. Post-training evaluations are commonly administered to all participants. In addition, the number and type of requests for gender analysis support made by both scientists and their partners, as well as the number of downloads of gender materials on the CRP6 (and centre) website will be tracked.
Gender integration at the proposal stage will be monitored through the donor liaison's office in the finance and administration department. A dedicated database, which will capture specific information on gender integration in key elements of the proposal, will be queried and analysed once a year. The aim is to increase the number of research proposals integrating gender in research questions, activities and budgets, keeping in mind that some proposals may not necessarily or feasibly address gender matters.
The monitoring of research outputs will be conducted by gender focal points, who will maintain a central database at ICRAF of existing research projects and outputs. This will be closely coordinated with component leads and the Information Services Group of each centre and will be conducted once each year. The aim is to track changes in the number of outputs that a) collect gender-disaggregated data; and b) systematically analyse and explain trends patterns.
Results of the above will be shared with scientists at annual meetings/science weeks scheduled by each centre every September/October. CIFOR, for example, schedules a gender technical session at each annual meeting. This provides a forum for encouraging dialogue on accomplishments and constraints, how gender integration efforts might be improved, and what further support will be needed in the following year. These forums will be supplemented by targeted focused group discussions and short surveys in order to generate deeper insights into successes, constraints and improvement measures.
Impact evaluation will be closely coordinated with the Monitoring, Evaluation and Impact Assessment team of the CRP6, which has developed principles to guide the process and for which the organisation has ring-fenced a budget line within each research proposal. The Monitering & Evaluation (M&E) task force of the CGIAR Gender Network will provide additional support to impact evaluation. However, we will also encourage scientists to build into their research and implementation, a monitoring and evaluation scheme. This is currently being implemented by the 'Gender, tenure and community forestry in Uganda and Nicaragua' project funded by the Austrian Development Agency and will be used to inform CRP6 gender MEIA efforts. Withinproject monitoring allows for the monitoring and evaluation of immediate outcomes (changes in behaviour of resource users or policy makers; improvements in knowledge), which can be collected at shorter time periods such as annually or twice per year. We anticipate that longer term impacts (changes in key indicators specified) will be evaluated at least twice in the 10-year life of the CRP6. Besides standard evaluation of specified indicators, impact evaluations will identify the following: • short and longer term risks and their mitigation • necessary adjustments to gender research and implementation by delivery partners, including budget implications • lessons learnt and how to distill good practices in research and implementation Feeding the findings of impact evaluation back to researchers and practitioners will be given priority. We will use existing channels commonly used for sharing information among scientists and with policy makers and practitioners. These include annual meetings and targeted communications to partners such as partner networks/distribution lists, policy briefs, and international forums such as CIFOR's annual Forest Days and ICRAF's Agriculture/ Biodiversity Day.
Indicators, frequency of collection and collection methods have been summarised (Table 3). A major shortcoming is that these indicators are mostly quantitative. However, we will employ qualitative indicators that speak to mechanisms and interlinkages. For example, the institutional conditions that allow for increased numbers of women in decision-making positions will be documented.
Incentives to encourage successful gender integration will be jointly negotiated between managers and scientists during the annual performance appraisal process. Possible incentives include supplemental funding, targeted training and presentations at international forums as well as showcasing effective integration efforts in the outcome stories of annual reports.

Budget presentation
About 10% of the CRP6 component budget (excluding the gender cross-cutting theme) is dedicated to gender research and analysis (Table 4).
These figures are indicative, based on our Performance Implementation Agreement for the cross-cutting themes and on the rolling 3-year operational plan for gender-relevant research within components. They are in our current operational plan (OP 2012(OP -2014 and must be considered estimates. The next iteration of the plan (OP 2013-2015) will have more reliable figures accompanied by a specific annual programme of work. The gender cross-cutting theme has a separate budget of USD 3 427 711 over the same time period.

Management system
The gender cross-cutting theme is under the supervision of the CRP6 director and this theme and associated activities are coordinated by a gender coordinator, with focal points in each of the participating centres (i.e., CIFOR, ICRAF, Bioversity, CIAT. The CRP6 director is designated with oversight of the management and budgets of the cross-cutting gender theme. Centre gender 'focal points' (CIFOR, ICRAF, Bioversity, CIAT) report to the gender coordinator. Gender focal points from each centre form a working group to support gender analysis and ensure that gender issues are addressed in all activities of CRP6 in line with the gender strategy. They will develop criteria for assessing analytical work and conduct quality assurance reviews. They will build a CRP6-wide approach to gender integration, but each of them will also participate in various capacities in a cross-CGIAR gender network for guidance, support and sharing of good practice.
Rotational leadership/coordination is applied to ensure that responsibilities and opportunities are shared amongst the focal points from each centre during the strategy period. Annual work plans are planned openly and shared amongst the focal points; joint centre activities will be also encouraged to build collaboration and collective action in achieving gender-responsive goals and objectives. Semi-annual and annual reports from focal points are required, and are reported to the gender coordinator and ultimately to the CRP6 director.
At centre level, the focal points are responsible for implementing annual work plans with reporting responsibilities both to the CRP6 gender coordinator and to centre management, respectively. Centres may have different structures for implementing gender cross-cutting activities as well as gender research in the components, but the idea of creating 'Gender Implementing Teams' (GITs) is being considered. The GITs, headed by the centre focal point will then be responsible for ensuring delivery of gender-responsive goals and objectives of the CRP components. With the right capacity and support, the GITs can evolve into a formal feature of the CRP6 management and operational structure.
While it may appear as though a disproportionate share of the responsibility for gender integration is concentrated in gender focal points and the CRP6 director, the responsibility is broader and embedded in centre management and operational structures and processes. Component leaders, who took the lead role in identifying gender-relevant research questions (see Annex I), and who have allocated close to 10% of component budgets to gender-related research and action activities, have a responsibility to ensure that component research and research outputs are reflective of this investment. Similarly, programme directors (who bear overall responsibility for science direction and budget allocations) review research proposals and appraise scientist performance annually and bear responsibility for gender integration in programmes and in the science. The yearly performance appraisal processes provide an as yet untapped and promising avenue for the diffusion of responsibility to individual scientists. Finally, centre boards of trustees have a responsibility for ensuring that a centre's science and management goals and strategies are achieved in an effective and rigorous manner.
Overall, this strategy views gender integration in research as a fundamental part of doing good science (and development). The success of this strategy rests on embedding gender integration in processes and structures that animate each centre's science. How does the introduction of innovation or intensification affect gender roles or differential access to resources and benefits?
Tools for promoting tree diversity on farms and in farming landscapes How can innovative management techniques (locally derived and science based) be identified, tested and evaluated more efficiently?
How do knowledge and preferences of women and men differ in relation to choices of tree species and management options?
Databases of scientific and local assessments of tree attributes that confer productivity gains and system compatibility Which farmer, forest and tree management skills can be enhanced with respect to establishment, protection, spacing, thinning, selection, pruning, coppicing, harvesting, irrigation and fertilisation?
How does one consider gender roles and targeted training in different forest/tree management activities to promote complementarity of skills, especially in labour-scarce households?
Forest and tree management manuals Databases Demonstration sites continued on next page

Examples of science outputs
What improved methods and rapid appraisal tools can be used to analyse the actual and potential value of forest and tree products for poor and women farmers and for subsector and value chains (including inputs, nurseries)?
How does one increase women's participation in value chains and reduce inequity in household benefits? Appraisal tools should be gender sensitive and inclusive. What are the multiplication and deployment systems for improved tree germplasm that ensure genetic integrity, provide disease-free planting material, and are adapted to various local conditions?

Rapid appraisal tools of market chains
Are the methods of multiplication accessible for both men and women?
Cultivar multiplication and deployment systems for tree crops identified and evaluated Locally adaptable tree seed and seedling systems and means of selecting appropriate models for different settings, developed and tested for both high-value and highvolume species What innovative and sustainable ways can be devised and implemented to improve the supply of market information, technical assistance and appropriate finance to differentiated, local end-users of forest-and tree-based production systems?
Community-based market information platforms are innovative and can be effective in supplying timely market information and getting feedback, but conflicts of interest and power relations between men and women in mixed platforms need investments in repairs and maintenance.

Market information systems Information hubs Microcredit schemes Decentralised extension approaches Demonstrations
How can certification of good agricultural practices and sustainable timber practices incentivise farmers to modify their tree-planting decisions?
How does one improve women's participation in value chains and reduce inequity in household benefits? Appraisal tools should be gender sensitive and inclusive.

Science outputs
How can multilevel governance institutions best work to enhance local rights and livelihoods?
How can women participate effectively in multilevel governance institutions and what is needed to overcome barriers to participation?
Tools for facilitating collaboration necessary for multilevel governance Approaches for analysing multilevel and polycentric governance systems Tools for overcoming barriers to women's participation What mechanisms can improve smallholder and community access and control over forest and tree resources?
How does one build bargaining power and confidence among women in seeking equitable access and control over forest and tree resources in mixed environments? How does one link local women's organisations to national and international movements to increase their voice and strengthen their rights and access to forest resources and to market opportunities in forest and tree products? How can property rights and security for women best be enhanced, particularly with regard to common or communal property?
Generic tools for analysing access in the context of legal pluralism; synthesis of local experience and emerging patterns; and analysis of factors that foster or constrain multilevel collective action for securing local rights and access Operational guidelines for assessing tenure constraints and opportunities In what ways are forestry officials' implementation practices (e.g., enforcement) gender differentiated? How do they affect men's and women's compliance and incentives for sustainable forest management?
Organisational strategies and interventions for improving officials' incentives

Examples of science outputs
What are the most important criteria for identifying priority tree species and populations for conservation action at subnational, national and regional levels?
How could the different priorities of men and women be considered more equally when defining common priorities? How can understanding the different gender roles help refine priorities? How can men and women share responsibility as resource managers, users and knowledge holders? How can forest managers be sensitised and how can their capacities to identify and consider gendered roles, preferences and knowledge be enhanced? What processes and accountabilities are required to ensure that the analysis of forest products takes into account postharvest processing possibilities and constraints by men and women for different products?
New silvicultural tools, harvesting guidelines and approaches that avoid local extinction of commercial timber species and attempt to integrate biodiversity considerations (including bushmeat) and other environmental or cultural services into management plans

Examples of science outputs
Does forest certification contribute to the achievement of SFM in tropical production forests or is it simply adding cost and complexity without providing sufficient corresponding commercial advantage?
Who participates and what are the conditions for participation in the development of standards? What alternative processes and strategies can be adopted to broaden participation? Who benefits in terms of resource conservation and increased incomes and why? How can market-based mechanisms on a global level address and ensure distributional equity and outcomes at the site of production? What innovative solutions and institutions (responsibilities and accountabilities) can be crafted at different governance levels (local, national, global) to facilitate equitable outcomes?
Identification of stand-level trade-offs in multiple-use management systems as they relate to regulatory frameworks, certification and knowledge capacity and silvicultural approaches What is the minimum set of criteria to include for allocating efforts to rehabilitate degraded ecosystems for the provision of multiple goods and services at the stand and landscape levels?
Differential gender appropriation of the provision of forest goods and services from rehabilitated forests and gender-specific traditional knowledge as an input of silvicultural practice Decision support systems and best practice guidelines, including genetic, ecological and silvicultural approaches How can agreements be facilitated in existing large and complex stakeholder networks around tropical production forests?
Analysis and recognition of power relations (including influencing factors) in order to design procedures and strategies for increasing the bargaining power of marginalised actors. What resources are irreplaceable for each gender and should thus be addressed as a priority?
Guidelines and mechanisms developed for use of government agencies, certification bodies, private enterprises and communities

Examples of science outputs
What do local people (men, women, old, young, dominant and marginalised ethnic groups) value about the production forests in which (or near which) they live?
How do differential roles in the community explain and affect valuations among multiple interests and to what extent are people able to express their views and influence decisions on forest management?

Guidelines/uses developed for forest resources that incorporate and recognise local values
What strategies exist and can be developed for bringing together the ideas of formal production forest managers and local community members (including women and other marginalised groups)?
How have existing strategies performed and how can they be structured and improved to better meet objectives? How do groups' and individuals' power relationships help to explain their attitudes and their actions? How would recognition of sensitisation and capacity-building needs help to achieve common understanding?
Guidelines and mechanisms for forest resource use developed that reconcile/ resolve trade-offs and build common understanding between forest managers and communities How can agreements be facilitated in existing large and complex stakeholder networks around tropical production forests?
Analysis and recognition of power relations. What resources are irreplaceable for each gender and should thus be addressed as a priority?
Guidelines and mechanisms developed for use of government agencies, certification bodies, private enterprises and communities

Annex I. Continued
continued on next page

Examples of science outputs
What are the major drivers and patterns of qualitative and quantitative tree cover transitions and how do they vary with scale in space and time?
What are the consequences of commercial logging and forest conversion for migrant-based agriculture or plantations? What is the impact of infrastructure development and how can negative consequences on the environment and livelihoods be mitigated? How do local stakeholders interact with external ones in various stages of forest transition? How do governance systems and their reform influence stages in forest transition at the forest/agrarian interface?
How are the perceptions, appreciation and experiences of tree cover transitions influenced by gender? What are the gender impacts of such transitions? How do different factors that influence transition, including governance arrangements, incentives and institutional reform, interact with gender dynamics to produce better outcomes?
Empirical (including time series) data sets of quantitative and qualitative tree cover transitions across continents Analysis of the links between the drivers of land use and tree cover change at global/ national/local scales, including their relationships with: • demographic change, including changes in rates of urbanisation, circular and other migration patterns, and human population density • road networks, and other infrastructure (e.g., pipelines, hydrocarbon fields, dams, mines) • the processing industry (linked to Component 5) • national supply/demand and import/ export data and overall economic development • forest categorisation and forest policy regimes Identification of opportunities to negotiate and influence the reversal of current degradation patterns and acceleration of forest rehabilitation and agroforestry transformation

Examples of science outputs
How can 'environmental service deficits' be quantified? How do landscape-scale watershed services, carbon storage, biodiversity conservation and the sustaining of ecological functionality depend on the attributes of forestry and agroforestry systems as part of landscape mosaics across climatic, biogeographic, ecological and socioeconomic contexts? What are the most effective methods for assessing environmental service provision and changes that result as a function of landscape-level disturbance? What holistic combination of in situ (including managed forests), ex situ and circa situ (on-farm) conservation approaches are most effective for conserving key populations of priority species and their genetic diversity at the scale of landscapes?
How does preference for 'quantifiable' environmental services (ES) vary between genders, based on the perceived direct value of ES and foreseeable benefits, influencing the level of participation?
Tools for determining and quantifying the environmental services at stake in various stages of tree cover transition Strategies and practices for managing tree species to conserve genetic resources today and for the future at the scale of landscapes Strategies and practices for sustaining ecological functionality in multiple-use landscape mosaics

Examples of science outputs
How can fairness and efficiency be combined in ways that reduce environmental service deficits? How do outcomes of negotiations over conservation and development trade-offs vary in relation to such factors as stakeholders' negotiation capacity, scientific input and inclusiveness of participation and gender considerations? How realistic are expectations that regulation of and incentives for enhancing tree-based watersheds, carbon storage and biodiversity services can enhance and sustain environmental services? What are the trade-offs between efficiency, perceived fairness and measurable equity, and poverty reduction associated with alternative mechanisms for environmental service rewards for smallholder farmers, both men and women? How can cross-sectoral policies and community-based forest policy limit or enhance the potential for environmental service rewards? How can policies, tools, methods and approaches enhance the sustainability of financial flows, and improve governance and institutions? Under what conditions and at what scales can PES schemes and related mechanisms produce positive outcomes for conservation and human wellbeing that are effective, efficient and equitable?
How do gender roles influence participation in negotiation of PES schemes? What approaches, including timing, sequencing and overall design of PES negotiation processes, are necessary for ensuring effective participation? How does one understand, across the various cultural contexts, gender roles and representation in policy dialogues in light of integration? What are the gender-specific impacts of the implementation of ES schemes? How are benefits distributed between men and women, with what impacts on sustainability and livelihoods? What alternative options and arrangements can narrow and/or eliminate distribution gaps?
Adaptive landscape management in which local stakeholders are supported and enabled to enhance environmental service provision as well as their livelihoods Tested tools and governance mechanisms for managing the trade-offs between conservation and development at multiple scales How can forestry and agroforestry initiatives best interact with the drivers of forest and landscape transitions?
How can forestry and agroforestry and the perspectives of women (and other marginalised actors) be included in policies? What strategies, and at what stages in the sequence of policy design, will ensure effective participation of women and other marginalised actors?
Overview of current policies for the agriculture-forestry interface that can be adjusted to maximise positive environmental and socioeconomic outcomes Annex I. Continued

Examples of science outputs
How can multi-stakeholder, multifunctional landscapes evolve from a conflictdominated state to one that involves negotiation and use of opportunities for synergy-with positive environmental and social outcomes? How do the outcomes of negotiations between conservation and development trade-offs systematically vary in relation to such factors as negotiation capacity of various stakeholders, scientific input and inclusiveness of participation? Do conserved and other forests have different values and accessibility for men and women? What kind of conflicts may occur within communities and how might their nature and intensity vary by gender? What options exist for conflict management and resolution that draw upon the relative strengths of men and women? How can different abilities to participate and negotiate, including bargaining power, between men and women be accounted for and addressed? How does one facilitate equitable land use rights allocation and women's ability to maintain rights? What kinds of safeguards are required in rights allocation processes to ensure equitable and effective rights and access?
Identification of principles, methods and processes for optimising conservation and livelihood values from the allocation of land use rights within forest landscapes Collaborative decision-making and monitoring tools for strengthening community involvement and meaningful participation in conservation and land use planning, especially by women and other disadvantaged stakeholders How can conservation and livelihood objectives be reconciled at the landscape scale?
How do species uses differ between user groups and how should these be taken into account in conservation and management? How does one resolve conflicting uses between multiple users within and among communities? How does one empower women by recognising and strengthening their role in and livelihood benefits from resource management? What might be the unintended consequences of such empowerment and how can such consequences be mitigated and/ or avoided? What suite of incentives, knowledge and resources is required to enhance reserve managers' gender sensitivity?
Identification of improved modalities and approaches to effectively support conservation in forest landscape mosaics Participatory models for reserve managers to identify how reserve dwellers use particular resources and threaten long-term sustainability of targeted species; monitor current uses; and develop guidelines for conservation and sustainable management of species and populations of value continued on next page Annex I. Continued

Examples of science outputs
Focus 1 (Policies) What design elements of international agreements, finance and capacitybuilding efforts are necessary to produce efficient, effective and equitable REDD+ policies and initiatives? Do mitigation modalities have gender-specific aspects that have to be taken into account? What factors condition the use and implementation of gender-specific elements of mitigation modalities? How could international REDD+ agreements affect women and disadvantaged groups?
Global analysis of agreements and options for a global climate regime and their likely outcomes for REDD+, including analysis of convergence and divergence of opinions Analysis of comparative advantages/ disadvantages of the various financing arrangements to shape the political economy in recipient countries Recommendations on international agreements, based on a comparative analysis of their effects on the formulation and implementation of efficient, effective and equitable REDD+ policy and initiatives Focus 1 (Policies) How do national policies and institutions influence the formulation and implementation of efficient, effective and equitable REDD+ policies?
How can the interests of women and disadvantaged groups be addressed in national REDD+ strategies? What kinds of measures and obligations can be incorporated into national policy and planning processes to increase the likelihood that the interests, knowledge and needs of disadvantaged groups (including women) are effectively articulated?
Analysis of the political economy of REDD+ at the national scale, including the role of non-state actors in shaping the national debate on REDD+ and the value judgments about the achievable efficiency, effectiveness and equitability of REDD+ Assessment of the effects of REDD+ policies on national economies and national or international markets, especially timber and fuelwood (linked with Component 5) Recommendations on institutional frameworks at the national level within which REDD+ can be effectively implemented and ensure service delivery, deal making, identification of tradeoffs and mediation in the current context of proliferating pilot projects and a fragmented policy arena Guidelines to improve the transparency, inclusiveness and efficiency of REDD+ policymaking processes and associated reforms (e.g., tenure reform and intersectoral planning), based on comparative analysis Focus 2 (Subnational) How does the local context determine the design of a REDD+ initiative?
How should gender inequalities be addressed in the design and implementation of REDD+ initiatives? What kinds of measures and obligations can be incorporated into planning processes to increase the likelihood that the interests, knowledge and needs of disadvantaged groups (including women) are effectively accounted for in the design and implementation of REDD+ initiatives?
Comparative analysis of how de jure and de facto tenure rules and forest tenure reform affect the security of local populations and REDD+ initiatives Analysis of the political economy of REDD+ initiatives (how different local actors exercise authority in interaction with national actors, how multilevel forest governance processes influence land use) Recommendations on institutional designs or mechanisms promoting inclusive decision making, accountability and legitimacy in subnational initiatives, particularly with regard to community and market actors Recommendations on the design of REDD+ initiatives (e.g., in terms of payments and benefit sharing, involvement of local institutions), depending on the type of forests and forest management (e.g., conservation vs production forests), institutions (e.g., tenure, decentralisation, community institutions) and social context Annex I. Continued

Examples of science outputs
Focus 2 (Subnational) How can a REDD+ initiative contribute to livelihood improvement, equitable benefit sharing (including across genders), tenure clarification and leakage prevention?
What are the differentiated impacts of REDD+ initiatives on women's rights and livelihoods? How do gender relationships explain these differentiated impacts? How might gendered relationships intensify these impacts?
Comparative analysis of how REDD+ initiatives affect local governance arrangements and livelihoods, including women and disadvantaged groups and their access to forest products, markets and diversified economic activities Analysis of how REDD+ initiatives affect noncarbon ecosystem services (e.g., hydrological services affected by reforestation) and local economies (e.g., small-scale traders, merchants, artisans) Guidelines for designing pro-poor REDD+ initiatives (e.g., in terms of benefit sharing, tenure clarification and leakage prevention) Focus 3 (Methods and tools) What are the best practices and decision support tools related to carbon and baseline estimation?

None
Best practice and decision support tools for measuring and estimating carbon balance in mitigation initiatives and baseline scenarios (carbon stocks and greenhouse gas emissions in biomass, soils, forest products and forest or agricultural activities) Best practice and decision support tools for managing trees and forests in REDD+ projects (e.g., selection of adequate species for tree planting depending on ecological and socioeconomic context)

Examples of science outputs
Global synthesis on the trade-offs and synergies between M&A in forest-, tree-and agroforestryrelated subnational and local initiatives Guidelines to improve the design of M&A initiatives, in terms of institutions (e.g., funding and local governance) and techniques (e.g., resilient tree crop systems or multistrata silvopastoral systems, rehabilitation of ecosystems) Analyses of which existing smallholder resource use patterns that promote M&A and how these may be built upon, scaled up, enhanced and included in M&A initiatives Focus 3 (Methods and tools) What are the best practices and decision support tools for developing M&A initiatives?
What are the best methods for incorporating gender issues n M&A initiatives? How does one address gender issues in the analysis of socioecological systems and the development of future scenarios?
Methods and tools for mapping ecosystem services and analysing their trade-offs or synergies (carbon vs services relevant for adaptation) Approaches for analysing the trade-offs and synergies between M&A in terms of livelihoods and governance Modelling approaches for studying the coupled dynamics of social and ecological systems and integrating knowledge from different disciplines and stakeholders Best practices (e.g., combining scientific modelling and participatory assessment) for defining and analysing future scenarios and pathways for M&A Methods and tools for assessing ecosystembased M&A measures, current and future costs and benefits Broad research question (Component 5, Theme 1)

Examples of science outputs
How do shifts in trade and investment associated with emerging economies (e.g., BRIC countries) and established markets differentially affect forests (e.g., area, ecological goods and services) and local people's livelihoods? What is the magnitude of these impacts and associated trade-offs?
Do impacts differ across gender groups? What factors explain differential impacts on men and women and their main variations? Do trade and investment intensify existing inequalities?
Assessment of processes, conditions and mediating factors through which trade and investment influence forest landscape changes and the livelihoods of forest-dependent people Analysis of the impacts associated with trade and investment trends on forests (including deforestation, forest degradation, biodiversity conservation, and provision of environmental services), people's livelihoods (men and women) and economic development Methods and analysis of ecological, social and economic trade-offs associated with trade and investment at different scales of impact (local, subnational and national) Comparative assessment of impacts on forests and people from global and domestic trade and investment trends across selected commodities and forest landscapes

Examples of science outputs
How do various models of non-state market-driven governance systems and corporate social responsibility (e.g., timber certification, biodiversity offsets, sustainability standards, financial due diligence) differentially reduce deforestation and forest resource degradation, increase cover of biodiverse forest and fulfil povertyreduction objectives? What are the scope and scale of effectiveness of the different governance systems, and what institutional architectures are needed to support durable forest governance?
How does one ensure that market-driven models and instruments 'do no harm' to the most vulnerable groups, and increase equity between social groups in the pursuit of improved social outcomes?
Guidelines, based on comparative analysis, of lessons learned on the effectiveness of market-based instruments and non-state processes, for managing the impacts on forests and people, increasing biodiverse and socially beneficial forest and agroforestry cover, and enhancing the social and economic benefits from non-forestlands and forest management What policies, regulations and governance systems should be in place involving, on the one side, forest-rich producer countries (of timber, biofuel feedstocks, food and other commodities), and on the other, consumer countries: • to reduce the pressures and impacts on forests and people associated with trade and investment in emerging economies? • to mitigate the negative and enhance the positive social, economic and environmental impacts of trade and investment linked to food and biofuel markets, and promote more responsible investments? • to support improved governance, especially for securing the land and resource rights of local people, and promote more equitable distribution of benefits in the context of large-scale land-based investment? • to shift from illegal to legal forest practices that ensure sustainable forest management while securing the livelihoods of local forest users and other stakeholders? • to reduce the risks of corruption and fraud associated with forest crime, and forest-related money laundering in public funds and payments (including REDD+ transfers)?
What measures can be designed to safeguard the livelihoods of vulnerable groups (including women) under threat from trade and investment-driven pressures leading to deforestation and forest degradation? How can policy frameworks link the need for sustainable forestbased resource management with greater gender equity? What measures are needed to protect the rights of the most vulnerable groups from largescale land acquisition? What is the role of women in shaping the social and local responses to commercial pressures on land linked to trade and investment? What kinds of arrangements (including information and resources) are required to link such local responses to national and transnational networks focused on making international trade and investment more accountable to local actors?
Identification of improved principles, sustainability standards and safeguards to promote responsible trade and investment and more effective institutional systems for enhancing legality linked to forest management and trade, and combat fraud and corruption associated with forest Identified improved policy frameworks and institutional options for regulating and managing the impacts on forests and people associated with trade and investment, strengthening forest and land governance systems, integrated law enforcement approaches, and equitable benefit sharing Enhancement of instruments and platforms for policy analysis and dialogue in producer countries on best policies, regulatory frameworks and improved practices for managing social, economic and environmental impacts linked to trade and investment What combinations of factors and governance instruments produce positive gains for sustainability and equity goals?
Synthesis of comparative analysis with recommendations on policy options Annex I. Continued www.cifor.org/crp6